The CPAI was originally developed in the 1990s. Since then, it has been extended and re-standardized (details). Two CPAI versions are currently available:

Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Inventory – 2 (CPAI-2)

As a version extended from the original CPAI, in the CPAI-2 , new scales related to Openness are added (see Chueng, Cheung, & Fan, 2013; Cheung, Cheung, Zhang, Leung, Leong, & Kuang, 2008). The names of some scales are revised. The numbers of items on the personality scales is reduced; while the number of items on the clinical scales is increased.

The CPAI-2 was restandardized in a representative sample of 1,911 respondents (1,575 from Mainland China and 336 from Hong Kong SAR) between the age of 18 to 70 (for details, see Cheung, Cheung et al., 2008). Four factors have been extracted for CPAI-2 Personality scales: (1) Social Potency, (2) Dependability, (3) Accommodation, and (4) Interpersonal Relatedness; and two factors for CPAI-2 Clinical scales: (1) Emotional Problem, and (2) Behavioral Problem. The median Cronbach's alpha for the Personality scales was .63, and the median Cronbach's alpha for the Clinical scales was .76.

The Chinese version is available in both traditional and simplified Chinese characters. Originally developed in Chinese, the CPAI-2 has been translated into English (Cheung, Cheung, Leung, Ward, & Leong, 2003), Korean, and Japanese. Among them, the factor structure of the English version of the CPAI has been found to be convergent to that of the original Chinese version (Cheung et al., 2003). Research with the Korean and Japanese versions is underway. Cross-cultural research suggests that the CPAI-2 is also cross-culturally relevant, and the indigenously derived constructs are not restricted to the Chinese context (Cheung, Cheung, Howard, & Lim, 2006).

Altogether, the CPAI-2 consists of 28 Personality scales, 12 Clinical scales, and 3 Validity scales.

The CPAI-2 is available in four forms:

1. Form A consists of all three scales (541 items);

2. Form B consists of Personality scales and Validity scales (341 items);

3. Form C consists of Clinical scales and Validity scales (268 items);

4. Form D consists of individual scales selected by researchers to serve their own research purposes.

A list of CPAI-2 scale names could be downloaded below. For detailed descriptions of each scale, please refer to Cheung, Cheung et al. (2008) and Cheung et al. (2013). In addition, researchers interested in obtaining sample items of each scale may contact Prof. Fanny M. Cheung.

Cross-Cultural (Chinese) Personality Inventory - Adolescent Version (CPAI-A)

The adolescent version of CPAI (CPAI-A) has been developed and standardized by Prof. Fanny M. Cheung, Kwok Leung, and S. F. Cheung since 2005. Like the CPAI and CPAI-2, a combined emic-etic approach was adopted for developing CPAI-A in order to cover both universal and indigenous personality constructs (details).

In addition to adapting the established scales form the CPAI-2, new scales related to adolescent personality and clinical constructs were developed in CPAI-A (for details of methodologies involved, see Cheung et al., 2013; Cheung, Fan, Cheung, & Leung, 2008). The Hong Kong standardization study of the CPAI-A (Cheung, Fan et al., 2008) was carried out among 12-18 year-old adolescents from 21 secondary schools (2,646 persons) and 11 youth centers (43 persons) in different districts of Hong Kong. Standardization of CPAI-A in Mainland China (Chueng et al., 2013) utilized participants from 2,744 students, who were from 19 different secondary schools located in 4 different regions of Mainland China (i.e. Cheungdu, Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai).

According to the factor analysis study (Fan, Cheung, Cheung, & Leung, 2008), four factors have been extracted for the Personality scales: (1) Social Potency / Expansiveness, (2) Dependability, (3) Emotional Stability, and (4) Interpersonal Relatedness; in addition, two factors have been extracted for the Clinical scales: (1) Emotional Problems, and (2) Behavioral Problems. The mean Cronbach's alphas for the personality scales and clinical scales are .72 and .77, respectively.

The Chinese version of CPAI-A is available in both traditional and simplified Chinese. The CPAI-A has also been translated into English. Research on the factor structure and validity of the English version is underway.

Altogether, the CPAI-A consists of 25 Personality scales, 14 Clinical scales, and 3 Validity scales.

The CPAI-A is available in four forms:

1. Form A consists of all three scales (509 items);

2. Form B consists of Personality scales and Validity scales (307 items);

3. Form C consists of Clinical scales and Validity scales (264 items);

4. Form D consists of individual scales selected by researchers to serve their own research purposes.

A list of CPAI-A scale names could be downloaded below. Researchers interested in obtaining sample items of each scale may contact Prof. Fanny M. Cheung.

References

Cheung, S. F., Cheung, F. M., & Fan, W. (2013). From Chinese to Cross-Cultural Personality Inventory: A combined emic-etic approach to the study of personality in culture. In M. J. Gelfand, C. Chiu, & Y. Hong (Eds.). Advances in Culture and Psychology: Volume 3. US: Oxford University Press.

Cheung, S. F., Cheung, F. M., Howard, R., & Lim, Y. H. (2006). Personality across ethnic divide in Singapore: Are “Chinese traits” uniquely Chinese? Personality and Individual Differences, 41(3), 467-477.

Cheung, F. M., Cheung, S. F., Leung, K., Ward, C., & Leong, F. (2003). The English version of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(4), 433-452.

Cheung, F. M., Cheung, S. F., Zhang, J. X., Leung, K., Leong, F., & Kuang, H. (2008). Relevance of openness as a personality dimension in Chinese culture:Aspects of its cultural relevance. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(1), 81-108.

Cheung, F. M., Fan, W., Cheung, S. F., & Leung, K. (2008). Standardization of the Cross-cultural [Chinese] Personality Assessment Inventory for Adolescents in Hong Kong: A combined emic-etic approach to personality assessment [in Chinese: 跨文化（中國人）個性測量表－青少年版（CPAI－A）的香港標 準化研究 - 兼顧文化共通性與特殊性的人格測量]. Acta Psychologica Sinica [心理學報],40(7), 839-852.

Cheung, F. M., Kwong, J. Y. Y., & Zhang, J. X. (2003). Clinical validation of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI). Psychological Assessment,15(1), 89-100.

Fan, W., Cheung, F. M, Cheung, S. F., & Leung, K. (2008). Gender difference of personality traits among Hong Kong secondary school students and their developmental analyses [in Chinese: 香港中學生人格特質的性別差異及其發展性分析]. Acta Psychologica Sinica [心理學報], 40(9), 1002-1012.

CPAI Scale Names

To download the list of CPAI scale names, please click on the icon below.